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#### Objectives

– Understand the structure and function of adverbial clauses.

– Identify adverbial clauses in sentences.

– Learn common subordinating conjunctions used to introduce adverbial clauses.

– Apply adverbial clauses effectively to add detail, clarify relationships, and provide context in writing.

#### Topics

##### 1. **Definition of Adverbial Clauses**

**Definition:**

– An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb. It modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb and provides information about how, when, where, why, to what extent, or under what condition something happens.

**Key Characteristics:**

– Contains a subject and a verb.

– Cannot stand alone as it does not express a complete thought.

– Introduced by subordinating conjunctions.

##### 2. **Common Subordinating Conjunctions**

Adverbial clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions that indicate the type of relationship being expressed. Common subordinating conjunctions include:

– **Time:** when, while, as, before, after, until, since, once, as soon as

– **Place:** where, wherever

– **Condition:** if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case

– **Cause/Reason:** because, since, as

– **Purpose:** so that, in order that

– **Contrast/Concession:** although, though, even though, whereas, while

– **Manner:** as, as if, as though

##### 3. **Types of Adverbial Clauses**

###### Time Clauses

– **Definition:** Provide information about when something happens.

– **Common Conjunctions:** when, while, as, before, after, until, since, once, as soon as

– **Examples:**

  – We left *when the meeting ended*.

  – You can go out *after you finish your homework*.

  – *While I was walking*, it started to rain.

###### Place Clauses

– **Definition:** Provide information about where something happens.

– **Common Conjunctions:** where, wherever

– **Examples:**

  – She said goodbye *wherever she went*.

  – He lives *where the sun sets*.

###### Condition Clauses

– **Definition:** Express conditions under which something happens.

– **Common Conjunctions:** if, unless, provided that, as long as, in case

– **Examples:**

  – *If it rains*, we will stay home.

  – You won’t pass the exam *unless you study*.

  – *Provided that you finish your work*, you can leave early.

###### Cause/Reason Clauses

– **Definition:** Explain why something happens.

– **Common Conjunctions:** because, since, as

– **Examples:**

  – I stayed home *because I was sick*.

  – *Since it’s raining*, we can’t go hiking.

  – *As she was late*, she missed the bus.

###### Purpose Clauses

– **Definition:** Indicate the purpose or intent of an action.

– **Common Conjunctions:** so that, in order that

– **Examples:**

  – She studied hard *so that she could pass the exam*.

  – He saved money *in order that he could buy a car*.

###### Contrast/Concession Clauses

– **Definition:** Show contrast or concession between two ideas.

– **Common Conjunctions:** although, though, even though, whereas, while

– **Examples:**

  – *Although it was raining*, we went for a walk.

  – *Even though he is young*, he is very responsible.

  – She is tall, whereas her sister is short.

###### Manner Clauses

– **Definition:** Describe the manner in which something happens.

– **Common Conjunctions:** as, as if, as though

– **Examples:**

  – She sings *as if she were a professional*.

  – He behaves *as though he owns the place*.

##### 4. **Punctuation Guidelines for Adverbial Clauses**

– **If the adverbial clause comes before the main clause, use a comma to separate the two clauses.**

  – Example: *When the rain stopped*, we went outside.

– **If the adverbial clause comes after the main clause, no comma is needed.**

  – Example: We went outside *when the rain stopped*.

**Examples:**

– **Comma Needed:**

  – *Although she was tired*, she finished her homework.

  – *Because it was late*, she went home.

– **No Comma Needed:**

  – She finished her homework *although she was tired*.

  – She went home *because it was late*.

##### 5. **Examples and Detailed Explanations**

###### Time Clauses:

– **Example:** *When the bell rings*, we will start the lesson.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* When the bell rings

  – *Modifying:* will start

  – *Explanation:* Specifies the time when the action will happen.

###### Place Clauses:

– **Example:** He stayed *where his friends lived*.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* where his friends lived

  – *Modifying:* stayed

  – *Explanation:* Indicates the place where he stayed.

###### Condition Clauses:

– **Example:** *If you hurry*, you’ll catch the bus.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* If you hurry

  – *Modifying:* you’ll catch

  – *Explanation:* Specifies the condition under which the action will happen.

###### Cause/Reason Clauses:

– **Example:** She was late *because she missed the bus*.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* because she missed the bus

  – *Modifying:* was late

  – *Explanation:* Explains why she was late.

###### Purpose Clauses:

– **Example:** He whispered *so that he wouldn’t wake the baby*.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* so that he wouldn’t wake the baby

  – *Modifying:* whispered

  – *Explanation:* Indicates the purpose of whispering.

###### Contrast/Concession Clauses:

– **Example:** *Although it was cold*, they went swimming.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* Although it was cold

  – *Modifying:* went swimming

  – *Explanation:* Shows contrast between the cold weather and their action.

###### Manner Clauses:

– **Example:** He looked at me *as if he knew me*.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* as if he knew me

  – *Modifying:* looked

  – *Explanation:* Describes the manner in which he looked.

##### 6. **Identifying Adverbial Clauses**

– Look for clauses that begin with subordinating conjunctions such as when, while, because, if, etc.

– Ensure the clause is providing information about time, place, condition, cause, purpose, contrast, or manner.

**Practice:**

1. Identify the adverbial clauses in the following sentences and the type of information they provide:

   – The students cheered *when the teacher announced no homework*.

   – *Although he was tired*, he continued working.

   – We took an umbrella *because it looked like rain*.

   – *If you study hard*, you will pass the test.

**Example Sentences:**

– *When the sun sets*, we will head back home.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* When the sun sets

  – *Type:* Time

  – *Modifying:* will head back

– He exercises *because he wants to stay healthy*.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* because he wants to stay healthy

  – *Type:* Cause/Reason

  – *Modifying:* exercises

– *If it doesn’t rain*, we will have a picnic.

  – *Adverbial Clause:* If it doesn’t rain

  – *Type:* Condition

  – *Modifying:* will have

##### 7. **Common Errors and Corrections**

– Misplacing or omitting commas can lead to confusion or incorrect sentence structure.

– Ensure the adverbial clause logically connects to the main clause.

**Common Errors:**

– **Error:** She is happy *because* she passed the exam.

  – **Correction:** She is happy *because she passed the exam*.

– **Error:** *When it rains, then we don’t go outside*.

  – **Correction:** *When it rains, we don’t go outside*.

By understanding and correctly using adverbial clauses, your writing will become more dynamic and precise. You will be able to convey complex relationships and contexts in your sentences, enhancing clarity and richness in your communication.